Modern visual restoration operations are high -tech and secure procedures that allow us to eliminate almost any ophthalmological problem.They have been successfully used for several decades, so the methods are constantly developing, expanding and becoming more effective.Improving visual functions is achieved using hardware correction of corneal shape, lens, retina and other eye system elements.Properly selected technology allows not only to completely restore vision but also reduce the risk of complications.In the article, you will learn which ophthalmological operations, indications for use and possible risks exist.
Types
Thanks to the development of hardware medicine methods, visual and minimally invasive procedures are reliable and minimally invasive.Its duration does not exceed several hours and, in the future, there is no need for complex rehabilitation measures.The choice of surgical treatment method is chosen, depending on the disease, age and general condition of the patient's visual apparatus.
Laser correction
The most popular type of operation to correct visual acuity.Today, these are high technology methods that have high efficiency and minimal risk of complications.Allow you to deal with myopia, myopia and astigmatism.After the procedure, visual acuity is maintained for a long time, and if you follow all the instructions of an ophthalmologist, you can completely prevent repeated intervention.There are several types of laser correction:
- Lasik.The basic type of operation to restore visual acuity.First, the corneal surface layer is separated by a microcarata and then using a laser radius, a change in its shape is performed.The main disadvantage of this type of correction is the inability to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient's eye anatomy;
- Super Lasik.An advanced version of Lasik's traditional methodology.It allows you to get a better result as it takes into account the structure of the patient's visual system.Used in most modern clinics in the world;
- FEMTO LASIK.A similar type of operation, the only difference is that the corneal cut is performed not by a microcarat but by a special femo laser.There is an enhanced version in which the course of operation depends on the individual characteristics of the patient - Super Femto Lasik;
- EPI-LASIK.The mechanism of the procedure is identical to Lasik's traditional method, but this operation is prescribed only for patients with a reduced corneal (acquired or congenital);
- PRK (FRK).Photographic refractive keeratectomy has been performed since 1985. Today, it is applied in the presence of contrasts to common correction methods, for example, with a subtle corneal, severe ophthalmological diseases.The healing process is always painful, the recovery period lasts longer than in other methods.
Visual correction operations last more than 15 minutes.After the procedure, it is necessary to use a protection dressing for several hours as well as the instillation of drops for 1-2 months.The risk of complications is minimal, repeated treatment is necessary with a significant decrease in vision.
Vitrectomy
This is a procedure for complete or partial removal of the vitreous body of the eyeball.It is performed under general or local anesthesia, in the absence of complications, passes at 2-3 hours.First, small perforations are made in the eye shot through which subsequent manipulations are performed.As a rule, this is a cauterization by a laser of the affected areas of the retina, the densification of the outside or the restoration of the integrity of the tissue.The procedure is prescribed for the following problems:
- Restoration of visual functions after bleeding in eye tissues;
- Prevention of retinal detachment related to age;
- Treatment of severe eye retinopathy in which rude scars occur or neovascularization (germination of blood vessels).
Artificial polymers, gas bubble, silicone oil or a balanced salt solution are used as a substitute for the vitreous body.The last type is used more often, as in the future a repeated operation is not required - the salt solution is later replaced by intraocular fluid.
After surgery, the side effects are possible in the form of swelling of the corneal, increased intraocular pressure or even more vision.Restoration and prediction depend on the vastness of the lesion as well as the type of prosthesis when replacing the vitreous body.If there are irreversible changes in the optic nerve, vision correction is almost impossible.
Scleroplasty
A common ophthalmic procedure designed to strengthen the external shell of the eye (sclera).It is prescribed not to correct visual functions, but stabilize the degree of myopia in the risk group patient.It is recommended to be performed by adolescents who suffer from this problem, because at this age the shape of the eye is actively changing.
During operation, the required amount of patchwork of material to strengthen sclera is introduced behind the rear wall of the eyeball.Polymers or biological components are usually used.After that, there is a peak with the external shell of the eye and, after a few months, the blood vessels needed to keep visual functions grow in the tab.There is a simplified version of scleroplasty.It is an introduction of an artificial or biological substance to the eyeball.The mechanism of action in such technology is identical - preventing the growth of the eyeball.
Scleroplasty
This is a well -studied operation that hardly changes over the years.It is performed in most clinics.There was virtually no side effects, except for possible drug allergies.A second operation is usually required.
Replacing the lens
The necessary operation, which is prescribed during the cloudy or any other degenerative process in the lens, for example, cataract.Treatment is always forced, but the implant is selected individually, depending on the age, gender and severity of pathological changes in the eyes.The substitution of Cristalus is prescribed in the following cases:
- High degrees of myopia and myopia;
- Significant decrease in refraction;
- Regenerative Eye Processes, Vision Age Decreased Decrease;
- the impossibility of restoration of laser vision;
- cataract;
- The probability of developing glaucoma against a background of a systemic or ophthalmic disease.
The procedure always occurs under local anesthesia.During the operation, the surgeon makes a small incision with a laser, after which the patient's lens dilutes with a special tool and removes it from the eyes.After that, a prepared transplant is installed.The intervention lasts no more than 25 minutes, the subsequent imposition of seams and recovery in the hospital is not required.
The operation is performed in most private and state clinics.Generally, there are no complications after manipulation, but subsequent laser vision correction is often prescribed.In rare cases, a lens replacement is required.
Keratoplasty (corneal replacement)
One of the most modern and complex eye operations, which is associated with many risks and requires a high qualification of the surgeon.Anatomical integrity and physiological functions of the corneal must be restored.It is prescribed for the treatment of congenital or acquired defects obtained as a result of injury or diseases.Healthy fabric for transplantation is taken only in donors, but the development of artificial replacement is performed in many countries.Ceratoplasty is recommended to solve the following problems:
- Treatment of corneal diseases (Belko, tone disorders);
- mechanical or chemical damage;
- Congenital defects.
The operation is performed no more than 30 minutes.During the procedure, the surgeon with a special laser or scalpel removes part of the patient's cornea and implants the donor tissue in his place.Sewing can persist up to a year, after which a special lens is selected to reduce the risk of infections.The recovery period is 4 weeks, during which the antibiotic is necessary, but regular exams are required for the entire subsequent year.
In recent years, it has been possible to significantly reduce the risk of rejection of donor tissue due to the use of special compositions during their processing and preservation.
Retina laser coagulation
The operational method of restoration of the retinal fabric.The effectiveness of the method is over 70%and 24 hours after implementation you can return to the usual lifestyle.Ophthalmologist observations are required within one year after the procedure.
Today, the operation is performed using a laser, which allows you to do without blood loss.Anesthesia is performed under the site, the procedure time does not take more than 20 minutes.
Prior to laser exposure, drip drops to expand the pupil and then place a special protection lens through which exposure occurs at low frequencies.Due to high temperatures, paste damaged cells as well as small blood vessels.
The coagulation procedure is necessary for any retinal damage and pathologies, as well as with the eyes and diseases of the vascular system of this organ.After operation, inflammation and cloudy is possible.For several years after correction, it is impossible to get involved in heavy physical work and active sports.
Reticulation
An effective method for treating various corneal diseases.It is performed to strengthen ligaments and other fibers in corneal tissues, which is needed for varying degrees keratoconus or degenerative processes, dystrophy.
The operation is performed under local anesthesia.First, a small part of the cornea is cut with a special device and vitamin B2 is instilled in the open area.Subsequent irradiation allows you to compact tissues by over 200%.In the first week after the operation, it is necessary to use a protective contact lens and for 6 months to be examined by a doctor.The effect of the procedure persists for 10 years, a repeated operation is required.
Complications are observed in rare cases.The patient may decrease vision, inflammation or cloudy corneal.
Glaucoma Treatment
The ophthalmic operation for various degrees of glaucoma is necessary when drug therapy does not bring the necessary result.The operation is performed using a laser or surgically.
The laser method is considered the most successful.It is completely painless for the patient and there are virtually no complications.During the procedure, a hole is made with a beam through which the liquid is removed from the eye tissues to normalize the pressure.It is used to treat all types of glaucoma.
The type of manual surgical operation is less effective because there is a risk of complications after the procedure.As a rule, this is a profound not -rigid sclerectomy.The purpose of the method is to reduce intraocular pressure using a slight thinning of the corneal layer.
The effect after the two types of operations is reduced over time.On average, after 5-7 years, a second operation is required.This period can be extended using competent drug treatment.
Conclusions
Today, in most modern ophthalmological clinics, various surgical procedures are performed for vision correction.These are accurate high technology methods with which you can resolve almost any eye defect.The choice of method depends on several factors - age, disease, individual characteristics of the patient's visual system structure.After operation, the effect occurs almost immediately and, if all the doctor's prescriptions are observed, visual acuity may be preserved for a long time.